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Effect of Sigma Phase on FCC internals

Authors: Nate Sutton, P.E., Senior Engineer II; Shane Kelliher, Staff Engineer I

Sigma phase embrittlement is a concern for austenitic stainless-steel components in FCC units and other internal welds in FCC regenerators. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can lead to sigma phase formation, reducing toughness and ductility and increasing the risk of creep cracking. In this article, the authors explore preventive measures to mitigate sigma phase formation and the importance of weldability testing to increase the reliability of FCC units.

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Managing Refractory Degradation and Hotspots in Cold-Walled Equipment

Authors: Seetha Ramudu Kummari, Ph.D., P.E., Consulting Engineer I; Dan McArthur, Ph.D., P.Eng., Senior Engineer II; Kevin Haley, P.E., Group Head, Consulting Engineer I

Refractory linings are used to protect pressure vessels and piping components from hot process conditions but can degrade over time, leading to hotspots, creep damage, and potential failure. In this article, the authors discuss the benefits of conducting periodic inspection programs to manage refractory degradation and share an example to highlight the importance of detecting permanent material damage caused by creep or creep-fatigue.

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Leveraging Omega Creep Assessments to Extend Fired Heater Tube Remaining Life

Author: Lucas Baldesberger, Materials & Corrosion Engineer II

Creep, a common damage mechanism across the refining industry, is commonly often found in fired heaters and boilers. In this article, Lucas offers a detailed description of an Omega creep test and shares the benefits of performing this analysis to accurately diagnose current damage and extend the remaining life of a facility’s fired heater tubes.

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Commentary on the High-Temperature Behavior of Welds

Author: Phillip E. Prueter, P.E.

Welds are often the weak links in pressure equipment and other structures, especially when operated at elevated operating temperatures. In this article, Phil highlights the importance of understanding the high-temperature behavior of welds, specifically in relation to creep response, and discusses how creep testing helps to predict remaining life.

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